Here are my notes on the book "Synchrotron Radiation Sources: A Primer", edited by H. Winick. Although a little bit dated (the book is from 1995) it gives a nice overview of all components of a modern synchrotron and helps with better understanding of how all subsystem interconnect together. It also serves as a good introduction in the field of machine physics, which was for me (I have a diploma degree in electronics) quite effective to better understand the challenges faced in synchrotrons of the 4th generation (diffraction-limited storage rings).

Chapter 1

page 2: "electron (or positrons)" --> how would a a SLS with protons look like? larger insertions devices? different SR wavelengths?

page 4: betatron - early machines, vertical magnetic field (spatially const, time varying)

page 7: non top-up mode --> from what I heard it took several hours to start the machine

page 9: \(\gamma = \frac{mc^2}{E}\)

page 12: time structure - ESRF hybrid mode: "pulsed experiments in us, ns and ps time scale" (M. Wulff et al., Time-resolved structures of macromolecules at the ESRF)

page 13: are the main advantage of FELs short pulses or higher brightness?

page 15: TESLA CDR published in 1988, the book is from 1994.

Chapter 2

page 34: theory on strong focusing --> very interesting, study E. D. Curant et al., Theory of the alternating-gradient synchrotron.

page 35: are betatron oscillations period or is there a phase advance?

page 39: (slightly) rotated quadrupoles introduce x-y coupling

page 41: correctors at the beggining and at the end of the insertion device --> modern take presented in G. Rehm et al.: First projects at Diamond Light Source involving MTCA (https://indico.desy.de/indico/event/20703/session/0/contribution/77/material/slides/1.pdf, page 9)

page 41: what is a "tune shift"?

page 43: planar design --> prevents orbit "growth" in y (apart from coupling from quadrupoles)

page 44: dispersion-free region

page 46: dynamic aperture: max betatron osc that can be sustained

page 48: for how much do insertion devices reduce the energy? is this important for the orbit?

page 49: vertical/horizontal emittance ratio for most machines: 0.01 to 0.03

Chapter 3

page 60: septum magnets: what is the purpose, how do they work

page 62: off axis <-/-> on axis

page 68: max booster boost ratio of 50, in reality a little less. example 1: DESY II (injection at 450 MeV, ejection at 6 GeV - factor 13). example 2: SPS (max energy 450 GeV) to LHC (max energy 6500 GeV), factor 14

page 65: RF photo cathode gun now more popular

page 73: "brute force" used at MedAustron

page 75: 3 kA, 13 kV!!!

page 78: high-Z = high atomic number (e.g. W, Pb)

page 81: harmonic nr = number of buckets

Chapter 4

page 95: first mention of time-resolved measurement

page 91: synchrotron osc = longitudinal, betatron osc = transversal

page 96: cavity impedance scales lineraly with the number of cells

page 105: what about traveling-wave cavity? is this used in SLS?

page 111: How a Klystron amplifier works (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fvud81pYGOg)

page 117: protection for kylstron: Klystron Lifetime Management (http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/ICALEPCS2013/talks/tucoca09_talk.pdf)

Chapter 5

page 122: photon BPMs to global orbit feedback also possible - Diamond, ELETTRA (here only local feedback is described)

page 132: "DIAMOND at Deresbury"

page 145: "the designer is relying very much on the good will of the stell company" --> the reality we work in

Chapter 6

page 159: digital feedback have taken over since the book was written

Chapter 7

page 163: book is from 1994, more modern methods could be used -> PXI or MTCA crate with motor controller and fast ADC

page 194: corrector magnets are not mentioned, but it would be convenient (and interesting) to measure the resp with high freq (e.g. at 1 kHz)

Chapter 8

page 197: "the beam would propagate only a few meters in atmosphere" --> more than I would expect

page 199: desorption <-/-> absorption (photon- and electron-stimulated desorbtion)

page 203: beam stop - photones after diploe --> more than 10 kW of power

page 211: 1e-11 Torr = still 1e11 molecules per L (= 2.5e22 molecules/L of air * 1e-11 Tor in atm)

Chapter 9

page 218: AI: last wave of AI, Lisp-based, very advanced but still very limited (=specific)

page 219: interesting from historical point of view - only EPICS is mentioned

page 220: communication protocols from the past Bitbus (http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/accelconf/p91/PDF/PAC1991_1496.PDF) and Multibus

page 220: reflective memory techniques (for FOFB)

page 225: drift and negative drift sounds very hackish; wouldn't it be easier to take the position and angle of the insertion device (2 step simulation)

page 226: check ref 27: "Computer Codes for Particle Accelerator Design and Analysis: A Compendium"

page 227: phase-space 6D - x, x', y, y' dp/p, ds - each coordinate relative to ideal orbit

page 228: R matrix sometimes 2x2, should is be 6x6 in "normal" case? find some examples for individual elements ...

page 228: beta-function is a solution for single particle motion

page 229: Twiss parameters <-> beta func and beta' (alfa, beta, gamma)

page 239: read again G. Strang: Linear Algebra and Its Applications

Chapter 10

page 245: time-resolved spectroscopy - learn more on this

page 251: "Signal Processing" chapter was written before DSP became mainstream

page 262: section on BPM is rather short --> study ref 61: K. Wittenburg "Beam Loss Detection"

page 271: wire scan is not mentioned?

Chapter 11

page 297: successive alignment steps: non-converging, circling around 0 in N-dim space

page 301: "Cultural noise at DESY" :D

Chapter 12

page 306: "resonate for a long time" - wake field decay --> check at FLASH

page 308: slightly of topic: we are dealing with 18 orders of magnitude

page 312: wake functions = causal functions; here i do not understand enough physics, isn't the field also present in front of the bunch? or is this valid only for ultra-relativistic bunches?

Chapter 13

page 346: three types of motion, three different time scales: longitudinal osc, transversal osc and closed orbit errors

page 349: Fig 13.2 (SSRL) --> feedback too slow to suppres 60 Hz and harmonics

page 351: phBPM: gap few times RMS of the beam

page 353: a mention of feedback simulation, no references given

page 358: Z transform: http://techteach.no/publications/discretetime_signals_systems/discrete.pdf

page 358: "beyond the Nyquist freq" --> not entirely true, undersampling is possible

page 362: MIMO, check:

• ref 19
• ref 20
• ref 21
• ref 22

Chapter 14 and 15

no relevant notes

Chapter 16

page 432: "safety is a part of doing things"

page 435: general observation: unreliable safety feature (i.e. interlock) will increase the danger

page 440: "The OPCOs have [...] the authority to stop any activity where safety [...] is in question" - everybody has (or should have) the Stop Work Authority

page 448: tungsten --> impossible to melt with beam

page 456: interlock testing: each input --> response

page 457: for PLCs the standard for functional safety (IEC 61508) should be mentioned. The standard was first published in 1998, while the book is from 1994.